Describe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Depict - Essay Example It suits nearly everyone working inside the grounds be it understudies, coaches or different specialists and in this way making it one of its sort. The Rendezvous building was built in the course of recent decades with a point of lodging numerous activities of the college. The modern plan of the structure matches with the present structure edifices in large urban communities. The outer essences of the dividers are flawlessly designed making it one of a kind and appealing not exclusively to the clients, yet additionally to the untouchables. It tends to be positioned as the best structure at any point developed by the college. The structure contains flights of stairs and washrooms, which are open to the tenants. There are lifts that permit the clients to get to the upper floors. The structure administrations are easy to understand to the solid and crippled people and, accordingly it accomplishes the goals of maintainability in structures. As expressed before, the college network depends on the Rendezvous working for most administrations. The structure adds to the upgrade and improvement of training in the school by lodging address theaters, data focuses and students’ examines. The spaces utilized for considers have sufficient furnishings, that is, seats and tables, which makes the structure a total instructive focus. Normally, numerous colleges develop understudy unwinding focuses far away from the study halls, be that as it may, the structure contains auditoriums and cafés, just as, general stores. Furthermore, the ATM offers banking administrations to the inhabitants and the University people group. The structure likewise contains meeting rooms, composing focuses and a Mathematics lab. It has many school learning exercises, from instructing, figuring out how to surfing. There is a remarkable connection between the investigation rooms and how they are situated in the structure. For instance, the classes are found along with the talk theaters. The store and the food cafés are close to one another, and this represents the uniqueness of

Romanticism - Washington Irving Essays - The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow

Sentimentalism - Washington Irving Sentimentalism is a scholarly and creative development of the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years that put an incentive on feeling or creative mind over explanation, on the creative mind over society. A few sources state Romanticism began in response to neo-style, or the Enlightenment. The most significant consequence of sentimentalism was the accentuation laid upon the otherworldly. A few authors during this timeframe were Mary Shelley with Frankenstein, Edgar Allen Poe with different sonnets and determinations, for example, The Raven, The TellTale Heart, and The Pit and The Pendulum. One individual who greatly affected the Romantic period was Washington Irving. Some called Irving the principal genuine American author. Washington Irving was conceived April 3, 1783, in New York City. He was the eleventh offspring of Sarah William Irving. His dad was an exacting man, a vendor and elder in the Presbyterian Church. He began school at four years old, however he never paid attention to it. In any event, when he was more seasoned, he didn't generally think about school. He didn't intrigue any of his instructors as remarkable. It was out of school where his genuine advantages created. His inclinations were more into perusing books of experience and travel. He was truly adept at composing, however. He adored the theater. His interest with expressions of the human experience developed and was empowered by one of her sister's beaus (Myers 64). His inclinations in human expressions and in the venue were evident in his works. Irving didn't wish to attend a university. Despite the fact that he had incredible interests in the theater and human expressions, his dad anticipated that every one of his children should bolster himself, so Washington chose to be a disciple in a law office. His boss was Ogden Hoffman and Irving went gaga for his girl. He additionally composed articles for his sibling's paper, the Morning Chronicle. He marked his articles Jonathon Oldstyle. Later he joined his sibling William and his companion Jim Paulding in making an entertaining magazine called Salmagundi. In 1809, he distributed Dreidrich Knickerbocker's History of New York. He later went to Europe in 1815. Numerous individuals were extremely on edge to meet him. From 1815-1832, he lived in England, Dresden, Paris, and Spain. In 1819, he distributed The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, which the vast majority see as his most noteworthy work. This book was an assortment of papers and stories. Among the narratives it included Tear Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Both these accounts depended on German legends. He is profoundly acclaimed for these two youngsters' accounts. Irving composed numerous great choices. In spite of this reality, some state Irving could be viewed as a lesser man than his antecedents. As indicated by Encyclopedia Britannica, He did not have the strict force of Mather, the adaptability of Franklin, the diplomacy of Jefferson, or the commitment of Paine. However he outlasts them all throughout the entire existence of American letters(649). Others consider him to be the principal genuine American writer. Everybody considered him to be such an incredible writer due to The SketchBook. Everybody was perusing it in that time. It was extremely popular. This book built up Irving as a gifted essayist , one whose exquisite great taste appeared to come intuitively. While he was making Dreidrich Knickerbocker's History of New York, he was hindered by the unexpected demise of Matilda Hoffman, Ogden Hoffman's little girl. It caused him much despondency, yet sooner or later, he figured out how to live with it. For certain years after the accomplishment of his book, his life appeared to him pretty much careless. During these years he went to assortment of interests. He prepared an American release of Thomas Campbell's sonnets, altered the Analectic Magazine and procured a colonelship during the war of 1812.

Upside Down Gnomes From Wisconsin

Upside Down Gnomes From Wisconsin This semester has been different from anything else Ive done. I started out taking 7.06, cell biology, and 6.854, advanced algorithms, the sequel (or what I thought would be a sequel) to 6.046, design and analysis of algorithms (TAs are capped at two classes). TAing is hard, emotionally, and its hard to balance with classes. Ive gotten used to having something close to complete control over my time, and any given days workload isnt always predictable in a class with more than 200 students. I fell behind in in 6.854 in the first week of the semester and never caught up, and then fell behind again after getting sick from the flu shot.  The start of the semester was a long string of all-nighters. I came close, I think, slowly, but it wasnt ever enough. Being sick was a good break from the usual pace. I finally framed the painting my brother made me when I left for college, which had been laying on a shelf since August, and I built a bookshelf with Cory to hold our disassembled Legos. After two hours on the first problem of the now three accumulated p-sets I realized I wasnt enjoying it anymore. In a past life I would have taken the challenge, but the pay-offs didnt seem worth what I was sacrificing. I weighed my options, called my mom, and dropped the class. For the past two days Ive felt a simultaneous urgency and lethargy, as if theres a place I need to be, something I need to be doing, but theres no way to get there. I feel like I passed the person I should have been on the street and didnt recognize her. I realize that the class took up a shelf in my heart, even if it wasnt a good idea, and its hard to transition to the empty space. Im worried that theres also a wild contrast between the person I want to be and the people Ive been over the past two years; I have a lot of indecision about the person Ive become. Many of my interactions with people right now are a balancing act between vulnerability and self-actualizationâ€"not just on the blogs, but also in person and in my academic career, which is tough because there are empty spaces in more than one place, bigger than a dropped class. Its been a stressful semester so far. Im not good at transitions, and its been a transition. At the very start of the semester I got in a fight with a friend and her boyfriend called me trash, which hit me unexpectedly hard and took an unexpectedly long time to wear off, maybe because it coincided with other starts and ends. One evening that week I slumped upside down on the couch in the kitchen, dangling my legs up at the ceiling like I used to when I was tiny, alternating between complaints and making up nonsense songs, because thats what I do when Im feeling melodramatic (or feeling, in general). One of my best friends, Irina, jotted some of it down and turned it into a beautiful poem. Once Upon a Midnight Ramble by Irina O. ‘15 You lie upside down on an institute couch, staring up at the tiles on the ceiling, your hair brushing the dirty carpet, your feet dangling in the air, wondering what it’d be like to walk on the ceiling. Would the colorful tiles cave under your footsteps, would the doorways become fences to step over, would the lights feel pleasantly warm or burn your feet? It has not been a good week. Upside down gnomes, you mumble to a tune, upside down gnomes from Wisconsin sneaking into your classes stealing the chalk so the professors can’t lecture upside down gnomes… It has not been a good week. I’m trash, I’m trash, I’m trash. I have no response but uncomfortable silence. Trash, trash, trash. Well, as an environmentally conscious individual, morally, I have no choice but to pick you up. How’s 7:00 tonight? Trash, trash, trash. Yeah, well, I think you’re recycling. Our house elves live in a tiny room in the basement, and in the early hours of morning they sneak through the dorm and steal our dishes, Pot lids and spatulas become boffers and shields, a roasting pan becomes a wading pool full of soup, forks become dinglehoppers. (They also borrow our Disney movies. And steal our HDMI cables, but they use those to decorate, mostly, since it’s not like they have computers. That’d be ridiculous.) They gather around the communal soup pan, and wonder if they should invite the upside down gnomes some time. But that would just be awkward, wouldn’t it? The soup would just fall on their heads. It would not be a good week. I’m going to bed. No, really. Really, for real this time. You say, and stare at the ceiling for another ten minutes, singing about gnomes. In a way, we’re all upside down gnomes, aren’t we? (Except we’re not all from Wisconsin.) We all sometimes wish we could steal the chalk. (If only to finally get some sleep.) We all sometimes wish we could turn the world right side up again. It has not been a good week, but eventually, eventually, we will sleep. I think the semester can be metaphorically captured by what was once the ceiling lamp in the bathroom closest to my room. For several weeks I kept getting emails about the leaky lamp in the bathroom. I sent a few back asking if there was a typo, couldnt decipher the insistent responses, and finally gave up. One day I felt something drip on my shoulder. I finally looked up and, indeed, what was once a ceiling lamp was a gaping, dark, dripping hole. I started using the other bathroom closest to my room, which is an entirely normal bathroom except for the full-length mirror leaned against the wall in front of one of the toilets (there are two toilets in each bathroom, except in the bathroom that got renovated this summer), which every few days switches toilets. The people on the floor didnt have an explanation for me, but I am delighted that there is presumably someone out there who, every few days, picks up the full-length mirror in the bathroom and moves it to face the other toilet, and then, a few days later, moves it back. I think things have been kind of like that lamp. The semester started poorly, and the things that have gone wrong have been bizarre and unexpected. MEnging is not at all what I thought it would beâ€"which isnt to say that its bad, but it feels simultaneously too close (stress) and too far (responsibilities, loneliness) from what undergrad was. The good news is that Ive finally fallen into a pattern, and while I dont think Ive nearly gotten the hang of things, Ive realized that the things and people that make me happy will always make me happy, regardless of the day- or week-sized stumbles. Recently I scratched my face up by enthusiastically removing a hoodie with my glasses on. Apparently it looked quite gruesome, and Rosa M. 16 called me “the girl who lived” (and Cory has started calling me Harriet Potter). The day before yesterday I was reading my daily 30 pages from Sea Creatures, by Susanna Daniel, a book Id gotten from the browsery in the second floor of Hayden library because I wasnt ready to commit to my long personal reading list. The protagonist spent several pages organizing paintings, and it occurred to me that I absolutely did not want to ever be a person who spends several pages organizing things. I turned to Cory, my supportive, loving boyfriend of three years and seventeen days, who was sitting next to me playing his 3DS in comfortable silence. “Please dont let me become boring,” I said. Cory folded up his 3DS, turned to me, dramatically placed my hands in his, and dramatically held my gaze before responding: “My dear, I am really, really, terribly sorry to inform you, we already are.” Everything I am doing is a dream come true. Ive been taking challenging classes and TAing my favorite technical class at the school Id wanted to go to since I was twelve, Im helping run the blogs I built that dream out of, and Im pretty sure I am actually, truly in love. But my daily life is wading through my inbox, trying to get homework done, trying to maintain a sleep schedule, calling my family, and forwarding Anne Hunters jobs emails to my alumni friends. Im looking forward to Taylor Swifts new album, Im looking forward to Thanksgiving with my family, and Im enjoying the streetlights reflecting off the wet rooftops outside my window. My life has become the sum of modest, unexpected happinesses. The biggest happiness of all is that for every person who doesnt like me, I am a subject of another persons poem. I am blessed to have friends like these, to be surrounded by people who make me happy. And its odd, because I dont think anything changed, but I think Im happier now than Ive been in a long, long time. I am leaky lamp. I am the girl who lives.

Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory - 1077 Words

According to Piaget (1957), cognitive development was a continuous restructuring of mental processes due to varied situations and experiencing the world and maturing biologically. His view of cognitive development would have us look inside a child’s head and glimpse the inborn process of change that thinking goes through. â€Å"He was mainly interested in the biological influences on â€Å"how we come to know’† (Huitt and Hummel, 2003). Piaget’s views helps us to have appropriate expectations about children’s mental abilities during different periods of development, especially in terms of logical-mathematical intelligence, and that it was our ability as humans to think abstractly that differentiated us (Science and Cognitive Development). There are three elements of Piaget’s cognitive development theory: schemas, the adaptation process and stages of development. Schemas are basically mental templates of knowledge that individuals use to help make sense of the world around them. The adaptation process which allows for the transition from one stage to another, including assimilation, accommodation and equilibrium and the stages of development in which each child must pass through. Vygotsky’s ideas about how mental abilities develop, on the other hand, show us how important and necessary the social and cultural context are to developing each child’s mental abilities. Lev Vygotsky (1978) strongly believed that community plays a central role in the process of making meaning. He andShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1289 Words   |  6 Pagesare many great cognitive theorists, but the one that comes to mind is a development psychologist by the name of Jean Piaget. One of his prized declaration was in 1934, where he declared that education is capable of saving our society from collapsing whether its violent or gradual. Piaget had a key effect on education and psychology, and because of that effect he made many contributions to learning and to cognition. One of most important contribution was a model that was made by Piaget. This modelRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Development Theory1077 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Piaget (19 57), cognitive development was a continuous restructuring of mental processes due to varied situations and experiencing the world and maturing biologically. His view of cognitive development would have us look inside a child’s head and glimpse the inborn process of change that thinking goes through. â€Å"He was mainly interested in the biological influences on â€Å"how we come to know’† (Huitt and Hummel, 2003). Piaget’s views helps us to have appropriate expectations about children’sRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1813 Words   |  8 Pages ECH-130 Sociocultural Tables LLlllll Cognitive Development Definition Examples of Application of Concept Strategies to Support and/or Assess Learning Birth to Age 5/Pre-K Piaget Sensorimotor stage: :the first stage Piaget uses to define cognitive development. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment. Researchers have discovered that infants have relatively well developed sensory abilities An infant who recently learned how to rollRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Theory And Cognitive Development1494 Words   |  6 Pages 1) Examine how Piaget’s cognitive theory can help to explain the child’s behavior. Piaget confirms â€Å"Each cognitive stage represents a fundamentally new psychological reorganization resulting from maturation of new functions and abilities† (as in Greene, 2009, p.144). The case Vignette describes Victors’ stages of development through Piaget’s stages of cognitive development as exhibited behavior that occurred during the sensorimotor, preoperational, as established areas. Victor experienced a normalRead MorePiaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1449 Words   |  6 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses of Piaget’s theory on cognitive development. It will focus on Piaget’s work highlighting positive attributes and how they’re being applied in modern day and also delve on key limitations of the theory. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested on why children would give similar but wrong answers in an intelligence test (Vidal, 1994). Based on his observations, he concluded that children undergo sequential cognitive d evelopment patterns which occur in defined stagesRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development969 Words   |  4 Pages20th century, the development of psychology is constantly expanding. Erikson and Piaget are two of the ealier well known theorist, both being significant in the field. Their belief s are outlined in Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory and Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory. These theories, both similar and different, have a certain significance as the stages are outlined.Erikson and Piaget were similar in their careers and made huge progressions in child development and education. WithRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to both Piaget and Vygotskian theories in the sense that they describe how the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how th e newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the effects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive development such as; internalisation;Read MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1111 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget’s theory of cognitive development was based around his belief that children will develop their intelligence through a series of stages: Sensorimotor (birth – 2yrs), Preoperational (2-7yrs), Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) and Formal Operational (11+). He believed these stages to be invariant, the same stages taking place in a fixed order, and universal, the same for every child regardless of their background or culture. (McLeod, 2015) Piaget believedRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1790 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive developmental theories provide a framework for understanding about how children act and perceive the world. However, every theory has both strengths and weaknesses. A certain theory may explain one aspect of cognitive development very well, but poorly address or completely ignore other aspects that are just as important. Two well known theories of cognitive development are Piaget’s stage theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. As I plan to be a pediatric nurse, these two theories willRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1325 Words   |  6 PagesJean Piaget developed a systematic study of cognitive development. He conducted a theory that all children are born with a basic mental structure. He felt that their mental structure is genetically inherited and their learning evolved from subsequent learning and knowledge. Piaget’s theory is differ ent from other theories and he was the first to study a child’s learning by using a systematic study of cognitive development. His theory was only concerning the learning of children, their development Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory - 1077 Words According to Piaget (1957), cognitive development was a continuous restructuring of mental processes due to varied situations and experiencing the world and maturing biologically. His view of cognitive development would have us look inside a child’s head and glimpse the inborn process of change that thinking goes through. â€Å"He was mainly interested in the biological influences on â€Å"how we come to know’† (Huitt and Hummel, 2003). Piaget’s views helps us to have appropriate expectations about children’s mental abilities during different periods of development, especially in terms of logical-mathematical intelligence, and that it was our ability as humans to think abstractly that differentiated us (Science and Cognitive Development). There are three elements of Piaget’s cognitive development theory: schemas, the adaptation process and stages of development. Schemas are basically mental templates of knowledge that individuals use to help make sense of the world around them. The adaptation process which allows for the transition from one stage to another, including assimilation, accommodation and equilibrium and the stages of development in which each child must pass through. Vygotsky’s ideas about how mental abilities develop, on the other hand, show us how important and necessary the social and cultural context are to developing each child’s mental abilities. Lev Vygotsky (1978) strongly believed that community plays a central role in the process of making meaning. He andShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1289 Words   |  6 Pagesare many great cognitive theorists, but the one that comes to mind is a development psychologist by the name of Jean Piaget. One of his prized declaration was in 1934, where he declared that education is capable of saving our society from collapsing whether its violent or gradual. Piaget had a key effect on education and psychology, and because of that effect he made many contributions to learning and to cognition. One of most important contribution was a model that was made by Piaget. This modelRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1813 Words   |  8 Pages ECH-130 Sociocultural Tables LLlllll Cognitive Development Definition Examples of Application of Concept Strategies to Support and/or Assess Learning Birth to Age 5/Pre-K Piaget Sensorimotor stage: :the first stage Piaget uses to define cognitive development. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment. Researchers have discovered that infants have relatively well developed sensory abilities An infant who recently learned how to rollRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Theory And Cognitive Development1494 Words   |  6 Pages 1) Examine how Piaget’s cognitive theory can help to explain the child’s behavior. Piaget confirms â€Å"Each cognitive stage represents a fundamentally new psychological reorganization resulting from maturation of new functions and abilities† (as in Greene, 2009, p.144). The case Vignette describes Victors’ stages of development through Piaget’s stages of cognitive development as exhibited behavior that occurred during the sensorimotor, preoperational, as established areas. Victor experienced a normalRead MorePiaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1449 Words   |  6 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses of Piaget’s theory on cognitive development. It will focus on Piaget’s work highlighting positive attributes and how they’re being applied in modern day and also delve on key limitations of the theory. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested on why children would give similar but wrong answers in an intelligence test (Vidal, 1994). Based on his observations, he concluded that children undergo sequential cognitive d evelopment patterns which occur in defined stagesRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development969 Words   |  4 Pages20th century, the development of psychology is constantly expanding. Erikson and Piaget are two of the ealier well known theorist, both being significant in the field. Their belief s are outlined in Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory and Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory. These theories, both similar and different, have a certain significance as the stages are outlined.Erikson and Piaget were similar in their careers and made huge progressions in child development and education. WithRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to both Piaget and Vygotskian theories in the sense that they describe how the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how th e newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the effects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive development such as; internalisation;Read MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1111 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget’s theory of cognitive development was based around his belief that children will develop their intelligence through a series of stages: Sensorimotor (birth – 2yrs), Preoperational (2-7yrs), Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) and Formal Operational (11+). He believed these stages to be invariant, the same stages taking place in a fixed order, and universal, the same for every child regardless of their background or culture. (McLeod, 2015) Piaget believedRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1790 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive developmental theories provide a framework for understanding about how children act and perceive the world. However, every theory has both strengths and weaknesses. A certain theory may explain one aspect of cognitive development very well, but poorly address or completely ignore other aspects that are just as important. Two well known theories of cognitive development are Piaget’s stage theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. As I plan to be a pediatric nurse, these two theories willRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1325 Words   |  6 PagesJean Piaget developed a systematic study of cognitive development. He conducted a theory that all children are born with a basic mental structure. He felt that their mental structure is genetically inherited and their learning evolved from subsequent learning and knowledge. Piaget’s theory is differ ent from other theories and he was the first to study a child’s learning by using a systematic study of cognitive development. His theory was only concerning the learning of children, their developmentRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Theory745 Words   |  3 PagesPiaget s Theory of Cognitive Development Numerous papers have been written on Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Theory. Most fall short of helping others understand what exactly Jean Piaget means when it comes to the three basic components to Piaget’s Cognitive Theory. These two articles I have chosen to use in this paper, give the best explanation on his theory. This paper will go into detail on the key concepts of Piaget’s Cognitive Theory and hopefully help others understand in its

Good Luck Trump and Friends - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 511 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Donald Trump Essay Did you like this example? In light of the Cohen plea deal and the Manafort conviction, President Trump is in a precarious spot. Or is he? Better yet, is Trump closer to being impeached or are we just grasping at straws? Michael Cohen, Trumps former personal attorney, and Paul Manafort, Trumps former campaign chairman, have made headlines across the nation lately. On August 21, Cohen pleaded guilty on eight felony charges, including tax fraud and bank fraud, and was charged on violating election laws by engineering hush money payments to two women who claimed to have had affairs with Trump years back. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Good Luck Trump and Friends" essay for you Create order Almost at the same moment, Manafort was convicted on eight counts and faces a maximum of 80 years in prison for five charges of tax fraud, one charge of hiding foreign bank accounts and two counts of bank fraud. This is a big deal. But what will it mean? To start, this Cohen-Manafort investigation is being run on two tracks: a political and legal track. The latter is wrapping up. The political one, however, just keeps ramping up. Perhaps the presidents impeachment depends on the Cohen plea deal and the Manafort investigation, along with special counsel, Robert Muellers Russia investigation report, which is expected to release later on this year. Right now, only Congress can decide which steps to take. But together, the Cohen plea deal, Manaforts conviction and Muellers investigation could point to the presidents political demise. Trump as a sitting president cannot be indicted, even though there is continuous debate about that. In order to bump Trump from office, the only path to take is impeachment. In the future, near or far, Congress could initiate impeachment procedures, that is if Democrats outnumber Republicans this year (which is very likely). A generic ballot from FiveThirtyEight, a website that focuses on political opinion analysis, politics and economics, shows that as of September 2, 2018, 48.8 percent of registered voters would support Democrats in a congressional election. For Republicans, 39.4 percent would support. In May of this year, The Economist revealed its 2018 election model. It gave Democrats a 65 percent chance of retaking House majority, pegging the party at 222 seats. It seems that the Democrats uphill House climb isnt as steep as everyone thought.Though these cases are closely related to Trump, there are still no charges against him yet. As this investigation continues to unfold, the truth is just waiting to hit newspaper headlines for the public in big, black, and bold letters, reading, Supreme Court finds Trump guilty of collusion. Its an administration mired in political scandal after political scandal, so there is no doubt that a negative conclusion is on the horizon. The suspicious and unscrupulous behavior in the White House should not be tolerated. As a constituent of this nation, I would like to be represented by an administration who focuses on the well-being of the people. A well-rounded president who respects all. After Trump, I hope for a competent and sophisticated successor. The future is hopeful for an impeachment. But with so many moving parts in this exhausting investigation, all we can do is wait and see.

Mental Illness Paper Free Essays

Mental Illness Paper Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is real illness that can be treated with medicine and therapy. When have OCD, you have recurring, upsetting thoughts (called obsessions). You repeat doing the same thing, over and over again (called compulsions) to make the thoughts go away. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now And, you feel like you cannot control or stop these thoughts or actions. The obsessions, or upsetting thoughts, can include things like a fear of germs, a fear of begin hurt, a fear of hurting others, and disturbing religious or sexual thoughts. The compulsions, or actions you repeat to make the thoughts go away, can be things like counting, cleanings hand washing, and checking on things. While these actions provide only short-lived relief, not doing them only increases anxiety. Many people who have OCD know that their actions often do not make sense. They may try to hide their problem from family and friends, and may have trouble keeping a job because of their actions. Without treatment, obsessions and the need to perform rituals can take over a person’s life. OCD is an anxiety disorder that can be life-long. A person with OCD can also recover and then get the illness again, or relapse. This illness affects women and men in equal numbers. Most often, OCD begins during the teenage years or early childhood, although it can start in an adult. For many years, mental health professionals thought of OCD as a rare disease because only a small minority of their patients had the condition. The disorder often went unrecognized because many of those afflicted with OCD, in efforts to keep their repetitive thoughts and behaviors secret, failed to seek treatment. This led to underestimates of the number of people with the illness. Time changes all concepts. â€Å"OCD† is no exception. In the seventeenth century, obsessions and compulsions were often described as symptoms of religious melancholy. The Oxford Don, Robert Burton, reported a case in his compendium, the Anatomy of Melancholy(1621: â€Å"If he be in a silent auditory, as at a sermon, he is afraid he shall speak aloud and unaware, something indecent, unfit to be said†. In 1660, Jeremy Taylor, bishop of Down and Connor, Ireland, was referring to obsessional doubting when he wrote of â€Å"scruples†. A scruple is trouble where the trouble is over a doubt when doubts are resolved. OCD is recognized as the fourth most common mental disorder following, in order of occurrence, substance abuse, phobias, and major depression (Spengler, Jacobi, 1998). Perhaps part of the reason for the â€Å"confusion† is that several disorders manifest ideational processes that ar e much like the obsessional thinking in OCD. People with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also have cognitive processes that are intrusive, repetitive, and exaggerated. The difference lies in how clients view their obsessions. OCD that comes and goes some children will have one obsession or compulsion for a few months and then it will disappear. There may be no obsessions or compulsions for years, and then they might return for no apparent reason. OCD that comes, but never exactly leaves a common pattern is for a person to have a number of obsessions and compulsions which are quite severe, but which then lessen, at least for awhile. Example of OCD that comes and goes: Jody was 6; she had a little â€Å"habit†. Before she picked up anything in her hand, she would very lightly touch it once with her index finger. When her parents asked her why, Jody just said that she liked to. There were no other obsessions or compulsions. Although no one mentioned it outside of the family, Jody’s mother and father became worried when Jody’s little sister, age 3 started imitating this habit. There were about to see their family doctor about this when it started to go away and never really came back. Two years later, after no signs of OCD, Jody started counting. She thought her mother, who had a routine hysterectomy, would die if she made a mistake. She was counting and checking her counting for errors each day. Only when they were in the pediatric psychiatrist’s office did they remember the â€Å"habit† she had at age 6. For a long time OCD was thought to be an infrequent disorder. In other words, it was believed to be rare among â€Å"general population†. Now, it is estimated that over the course of a lifetime approximately 2. 5 percent of individuals will develop this disorder. For children and adolescents, it is estimated that approximately the same percentage suffers from this disorder. In fact, this figure appears to be consistent with regard to American populations and worldwide populations, as well as male and female occurrences. Clinical and animal research sponsored by NIMH (National Institute of Mental Disorders) and other scientific organizations has provided information leading to both pharmacologic and behavioral treatments that can benefit the person with OCD. One patient may benefit significantly from behavior therapy, while another will benefit from pharmacotherapy. Some others may use both medication and behavior therapy. Others may begin with medication to gain control over their symptoms and then continue with behavior therapy. Which therapy to use should be decided by the individual patient in consultation with his/her therapist? Treatment with psychotherapy includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and behavioral therapy. In CBT, the goal is to change how a person thinks about, and then reacts to, a situation that makes them anxious or fearful. In behavioral therapy, the focus is on changing how a person reacts to a situation. BCT or behavioral therapy most often lasts for 12 weeks. It can be group or individual therapy. A special type of behavior therapy, call exposure and response prevention, is often used with OCD. With this approach, a person is exposed to whatever triggers the obsessive thoughts. Then the person is taught ways to avoid doing the compulsive rituals, and how to deal with the anxiety. Some studies have shown that the benefits of CBT or behavioral therapy las longer than do those of medications for people with OCD. Clinical trials in recent years have shown that drugs that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin can significantly decrease the symptoms of OCD. The first of these serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) specifically approved for the use in the treatment of OCD was tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine (Anafranil). It was followed by other SRIs that are called â€Å"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors† (SSRIs). Those that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of OCD are fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), and paroxetine (Paxil). Large studies have shown that more than three-quarters of patients are helped by these medications at least a little. Another neurotransmitter is also believed to result in mental illness when it is not working properly, this neurotransmitter called nor epinephrine. Studies have revealed that individuals with OCD have an insufficient level or serotonin, one of the brain’s neurotransmitters. Other studies also reveal that some individuals with OCD have abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission. Commonly, OCD is first diagnosed when parents recognize that their young child or teenager seems preoccupied with ritualistic behaviors associated with excessive cleanliness or unusually meticulous organization, and they seek help from a mental health professional. Adults on the other hand, may seek professional help when they realize that it is becoming difficult for them to do their job or school work because they are spending too much time with their obsessive thoughts or compulsive behaviors. Therapists make the diagnosis of OCD by taking a careful personal history from the patient/client and any available family members, such as in the case of a young child. Although most people improve with adequate treatment, the condition can continue for many years. Primary care physician should be familiar with the various ways obsessive-compulsive disorder can present and should be able to recognize clues to the presence of obsessions or compulsions. Proper diagnosis and education about the nature of the disorder are important first steps in recovery. Treatment is rarely curative, but patients can have significant improvement in symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is chronic condition with a high rate of relapse. Discontinuation of treatment should be undertaken with caution. Patients should be closely monitored for comorbid depression and suicidal ideation. People with OCD sometimes also abuse alcohol and drugs and can have other illnesses, such as depression, eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or other anxiety disorders. When a person also has other illnesses, OCD is often harder to diagnose and treat. Symptoms of OCD include; having upsetting thoughts or images enter your mind again and again, washing your hands, cleaning, re-arranging objects, doing things until it feels â€Å"right,† or collecting useless objects, worrying a lot about terrible things that could happen if you are not careful. If you think you may have symptoms of OCD, visit your doctor is the best place to start. Keep in mind that it can be a challenge to find the right treatment for an anxiety disorder. But, if one treatment does not work, the odds are good that another one will. New treatments are being developed through ongoing research. If a person has recovered from an anxiety disorder and it comes back at a later date, the person can be treated again the skills you learned dealing with the disorder the first time can help you in coping with it again. As the twenty-first century begins, advances in pharmacology, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and learning theory have allowed us to reach a more therapeutically useful conceptualization of OCD. Although the causes of the disorder still elude us, the recent identification of children with OCD caused by an autoimmune response to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection promises to bring increased understanding of the disorder’s pathogenesis. References (n. d). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Washington, District of Columbia, US: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health; the National Women’s Health Information Center. Retrieved from PsycEXTRA http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=pxhAN=303972004-001site=ehost-livedatabase. Depression Anxiety (1091-4269); 2008, Vol. 25 Issue 9, p761-767, 7p, 3 Charts, 2 http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=a9hAN=34281062site=ehost-live Abel, J. (1994, March). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Interdisciplinary Treatment May Be Best. Clinician’s Research Digest, p. . Retrieved from PsycEXTRA database. Stanford Medicine  » School of Medicine  » Departments  » Psychiatry  » OCD Research »Treatment http://ocd. stanford. edu/treatment/history. html Symptoms of OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)http://counsellingresource. com/distress/anxiety-disorders/obsessive-compulsive. html The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of the National I nstitutes of Health (NIH), a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index. shtml How to cite Mental Illness Paper, Papers

Issues in Electronic Commerce Security

Abstract Trust is an important factor when people are engaging in various transactions over the internet. If this is not met, customers are likely to go back to the traditional methods of transaction as far as business is concerned. Security issues in e-commerce must be addressed so that e-commerce transactions are not compromised.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Issues in Electronic Commerce Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More E-commerce is a simplified and an important avenue for online business but with increasing network insecurity, internet operations may slow down. The author of this paper is going to discuss some pertinent issues surrounding e-commerce as far as security is concerned. The issues will include insecurity in both network and computer services which is a threat to customers as well as the e-commerce itself. The perpetrators are believed to be hackers and the biggest concern is that insecurity originates from the e-commerce itself. This development may make customers shy away. The author will also touch on the weaknesses of the security systems in place. Privacy becomes an important factor in e-commerce. Various controversies surrounding e- commerce will be analyzed in this paper. In conclusion, the author will give recommendations arising from the discussions in this paper. Introduction Electronic commerce involves buying and selling of goods and services over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer applications. Transactions conducted electronically include electronic funds transfer, online transaction processing among many others. Trust at this juncture becomes an important factor in this business. If trust is not established, customers are likely to revert to traditional methods of trading (Craig Mihajlo, 2011). Trust is being destroyed by frequent reports of hackers that attack e-commerce web sites compromising consumer security. Recent ly, viral attacks were launched against the Microsoft Outlook in the name of code red worms. To avert such scenarios, there is need to address insecurity (Mayor, 2009). History of E-Commerce Back in the 1970s, e-commerce was used by companies to forward transaction documents such as purchase orders and invoices. The rise of e-commerce in the 1980s was marked by the use of telephones, credit cards and most interesting booking for reservations in airlines. This was especially so in USA and the United Kingdom (Eisingerich, Andreas Kretschmer, 2008).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A decade later, e-commerce added value to its services by including an enterprise resource planning system as well as data mining which resulted in data warehousing. This was the period during which the famous World Wide Web came into being. The person behind this important achievement was Tim B erners-Lee (Chan Kwok, 2001). There were major improvements in e-commerce but unfortunately, the founders were unable to use the internet until the year 1995. This was due to the fact that there were no security protocols as far as privacy was concerned. The introduction of security protocols was a big boost to the internet usage since privacy was guaranteed for most transactions. Current Security Issues in E-Commerce Currently, e-commerce has grown tremendously and this is observed when increasing numbers of people are reported to use online services. Online shopping goes up each holiday season due to the fact that people are interested in new and unique things and e-commerce is the only platform that they can realize this (Graham, 2008). People gain experience as they familiarize themselves with online services. A study done by Comscore (a consultant in this field) states that when shoppers are experienced and comfortable with the services offered, spending shoots up increasing t he use of internet services (Kotler, 2009). Unfortunately as the transactions are taking place, many inconveniences arise. Many issues affect online transactions and e-commerce in general. Security is one of these issues that sometimes make users shy away from internet services Security concerns in e-commerce occur when data is exposed to or accessed by unauthorized persons leading to compromised information that is rendered invalid (Kevin, 2005). This is for example when hackers access personal information such as bank account details during a wire transfer. This is where privacy issues come in. Privacy involves having control over personal data without the interference of a third party. This issue affects all stakeholders in the e-commerce industry.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Issues in Electronic Commerce Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Electronic commerce security issues can be categorized under system availability, data integrity as well as information confidentiality (Chan Kwok, 2001). For instance, system availability implies that relevant elements are in place to offer support to particular user’s communication needs. On the other hand, data integrity provides that all messages that are sent over the network are received as they are without any alterations that could make them invalid. For example, hackers may alter the information sent via a Short Message Service (SMS) such that the receiver gets a message that is totally different from that which was sent. Information confidentiality implies that messages are only viewed by the intended users only (Rowley, 2006). It is always necessary to continuously review network security at both the electronic commerce and consumer sites and put in place suitable counter- strategies. These are for example passwords for emails and other accounts as stated above. This is because the security of internal systems and th e external networks rely mostly on the security of the site. Electronic commerce has grown tremendously leading to fast and effective ways of exchanging goods and services both locally and internationally. This has been accompanied by an equal rise in the number of attacks as analyzed above putting at risk the security of online payment. Some of these attacks have increased vulnerabilities that have been published in reusable third party elements used by websites such as shopping cart software. Security can be conceptualized from two perspectives in the software business (Sam, 2001). First, the software development community illustrates the security aspects of a system. In this case, safety strategy provides for secret codes that are sophisticated so as to reduce vulnerability during encrypting.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second perspective entails protection against attacks and spywares which threatens internet usage. This is for example the use of firewalls and such other measures to protect data. Security Problems in E-commerce Development In the e-commerce arena, there exist threats that are likely to bring down the industry if no instant measures are put into account. Efforts to develop e-commerce are always affected by attacks that target the three systems. These are the network system, client system and the server system. The inability to protect the integrity of the business data system is a major problem in the e- commerce industry. This problem extends to transaction security between the customers and the business (Bruce Kok, 2008) Viruses are considered to be the most serious and common threats surrounding e-commerce. All data and windows are prone to viral attacks. Sophisticated software and hardware are not fully dependable when it comes to protecting the system. For example, viruse s such as Melissa and Resume affect at least part of the operating system if not the entire system (Ralph, 2000). Another huge problem is the invention of hacking tools by those who develop operating systems. This is for example the Trojan horses which are so sophisticated in that they can operate a targeted computer system. The virus can send information anywhere posing as the legitimate user of the computer. Other tools like VNCviewer normally used commercially can hack the systems and other web sites. Other hacking web sites are also playing a role in e- commerce insecurity. This is for example www.rootshell.com and many others which are the problem in development of the e-commerce security systems (Xiaoming, 2008). The customers have their privacy affected. This is a problem that is developing roots and is drawing global attention. This is especially so given the fact that international governments are concerned with this issue. The initiation of Distributed Denial of Services A ttacks (herein referred to as DDOS) is a form of software that can be used to compromise security during transactions between the business and the client. They pose as the legitimate client and transacts with the online business operator. It is only much later that the organization realizes that a wrong transaction has been made. Both the business and the customer loses since the customer information has been hacked into and lose of money to both parties is exhibited. (Mauricio, 2010) Electronic Commerce Security and Legal Issues One of the parties addressing legal issues in e-commerce is the Electronic Commerce Working Group (ECWG). This group meets regularly to discuss security matters arising. Resolutions are then forwarded to other federal agencies for rectifications (Jeng, 2004). Advice is normally given to the companies involved in e-commerce transaction process so as to address the issues effectively. Government regulations make it mandatory to provide public confidence throu gh reliability in all transactions. Consumer protection has also been taken care of but some fraud cases are still being reported. Government Regulations and Security in E- commerce Some e- commerce activities in USA are controlled by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). E-commerce activities such as business e-mails’ privacy and advertising are watched keenly to safeguard internet rights. Like other businesses, e-commerce operates under rules and regulations. E-commerce transcends international boundaries and hence there is need to comply with the regulations. The economy and the national security depend highly on information technology which is a reliable infrastructure that targets large numbers of people at the same time (Ralph, 2000). It is noted that these computer networks also manage physical installations such as electricity transformers, stock markets, trains as well as radars. Hackers can attack such installations jeopardizing national security and the economy. This is why government regulation is crucial. To this end, the federal and local governments have major roles to play in order to maintain security as far as e-commerce is concerned (George, 2005). The main problem is that the tools and methodologies currently used in these attacks on e- commerce are readily available. The technical capability and sophistication of tools used in attacks reduce the effectiveness of strategies used to fight insecurity. It is noted that relevant agencies, federal and local governments are best equipped to respond to an evolving internet threat (Ndou, 2004). Controversies and Challenges Facing E-commerce There are various challenges and problems facing e-commerce. For instance, most infrastructures and the internet on which they depend are owned and operated privately. This implies that it is difficult for the government to provide the needed security for electronic commerce (Xiaoming, 2008). This calls for partnerships between the government, industry, aca demia, as well as non- governmental groups to provide security to electronic commerce. Very few if any of the organizations are willing to come out or even associate with others in order to offer the security needed in electronic commerce (Xiaoming, 2008). Furthermore, it is not easy to identify all of the groups dealing with electronic business because some have not registered their businesses with the government. As a result, it becomes hard for such private businesses to come out and share their problems due to the fear of being prosecuted (Xiaoming, 2008). Another challenge includes the lack of agreement in developing a national strategy in order to offer protection to the electronic commerce industry. This is because there is need to gather views from both the public and private sectors (Sheth, 2007). This as a result leads to varying opinions that require time to scrutinize in order to come up with the best solution to achieve the objective of having a safe electronic commerce in all sectors in the country and the world as a whole. In some cases, the redrafting process may incorporate the suggestions made, but not everyone will accept each component of the national strategy to (Bruce Kok, 2008). This is because a significant number of issues may not be addressed and others are not yet ready for national policy. The approach is not absolute because events are bound to evolve (Kevin, 2005). Technological advance leads to more threats and increased vulnerability and thus improves people’s understanding of electronic commerce. Impact of Security on E-commerce Security is a significant challenge facing electronic commerce (Zeithaml, 2002). This is because without the assurance of privacy and safety, people are not willing to participate in electronic commerce. Burning issues on safety include the theft of personal data from the credit card by hackers. This makes the authorities question the suitability of providing public services online. As a result of such cases of insecurity, the effectiveness of e-commerce as a driver of the economy is greatly reduced. This may lead to the deterioration of the services provided through electronic commerce thus affecting the production cost of goods and services. Security concerns are the biggest challenge in expanding the reach of electronic commerce (Zeithaml, 2002) The attacks from hackers and web page vandals makes the general public and the government to be more cautious when carrying out sensitive transactions that may comprise personal or financial information via the internet (Xin, 2011). Every person desires to feel secure when conducting online businesses and hopes that their information will be safe and confidential. Recommendations To enhance security, most service providers try to make sure that only authorized users can send and receive information over the internet or over the phone. This is one of the reasons why e-mails have passwords and phones require the use of security co des and Personal Identification Numbers (PIN). However, it is these safety protocols which are circumvented by hackers and other unauthorized third parties. This affects e-commerce that is conducted via such channels. Electronic commerce providers have made efforts to address the security issues in their internal networks. A number of guidelines have been put in place to secure systems making networking available for the electronic commerce personnel to study and implement. Training and educating the consumer on security issues is still in progress. For instance, Trojan horse programs initiated against customers’ systems become a risk to electronic commerce mainly because they can circumvent or undermine most of the verification and approval procedures used in electronic commerce (Luarn, 2003). E-commerce requires the provision of security for the internet users. To achieve this, measures need to be put in place so as to win trust of the customers. This is for example video- hosting services on every website to speak to the customer directly if there is need to clarify on some issues (Luarn, 2003). Many people are not well informed on e-commerce mechanisms and how it works. There should be efforts to create awareness about e-commerce so that everyone is knowledgeable about internet services (Sam, 2001). Consumer protection is an important area which should be addressed due to increased insecurity. The consumer is the party most affected by online insecurities. To this end, there should be measures to safeguard the rights of the consumers. As much as there are new innovations on thefts’ and attacks’ software, there should also be innovations that track down any online offenders. There should be customer oriented privacy practices to improve consumer satisfaction. This should include a system capable of showing how e-commerce organizations’ sites gather, handles, and uses personal information. Private and non- governmental organizatio ns with significant computing resources should be encouraged to take active roles in information sharing (Ndou, 2004). This is because colleges, corporations and universities have a vital role in identifying and reporting internet attacks. Conclusion The aim of this paper was to analyze security issues in e-commerce. The author started by looking at the historical background of e-commerce. The author also looked at several issues such as controversies revolving around e-commerce, problems encountered in e-commerce among others. It was found that stakeholders such as federal and local governments have important roles to play in e-commerce. The author found that security is a major concern in e-commerce. References Bruce, C., Kok, B. (2008). An empirical study of the use of e-security seals in e-commerce. Michigan: Michigan University Press. Chan, M., Kwok, L. (2001). Integrating security design into the software development process for e-commerce systems. Chicago: Free Press. Craig , E., Mihajlo, Z. (2011). A personalized approach to web privacy: Awareness, attitudes and actions. New York: Thimble. Eisingerich, A., Andreas, B., Kretschmer, T. (2008). In e-commerce, more is more. Harvard Business Review, 8(6): 20-21. George, S. (2005). Rethinking e-commerce security. Harvard: Harvard University Press. Graham, M. (2008). Warped geographies of development: The internet and theories of economic development. Geography Compass, 2(3): 771. Jeng, C. (2004). Trust and privacy in electronic commerce. Boston: IEEE. Kevin, K. (2005). We are the web. Managing Service Quality, 3(2), 23-39. Kotler, P. (2009). Marketing management. Pearson: Prentice-Hall. Luarn, P. (2003). A customer loyalty model for e-service context. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 4(4): 20-23. Mauricio, S. (2010). Reducing online privacy risk to facilitate e-service adoption: The influence of perceived ease of use and corporate credibility. Journal of Services Marketing, 24(3): 219-229. Mayor, S. (2009). E-commerce policies and customer privacy: Information Management and computer security. Boston: Cengage Learning. Ndou, V. (2004). E-Government for developing countries: Opportunities and Challenges. New York: Free Press. Ralph, T. (2000). IT security in electronic commerce: From cost to value driver. International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications,16: 23-29. Rowley, J. (2006). An analysis of the e-service literature: Towards a research agenda. Internet Research, 16 (3): 339-359. Sam, R (2001). A framework for analyzing e-commerce security: Information Management and computer security. New York: Routledge. Sheth, J. (2007). E-services: A framework for growth. Journal of Value Chain Management, 1(1/2): 1-20. Xiaoming, M. (2008). Analyze and prevent the security risks of e-commerce privacy. Chicago: John and Wiley Publishing Company. Xin, W. (2011). Study on information management and security of e-commerce system. California: LEE. Zeithaml, V. A. (2002). Service excellence in electronic channels. Managing Service Quality, 12(3): 135-138. This term paper on Issues in Electronic Commerce Security was written and submitted by user Jaylyn B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

25 Adverbs That Get an A

25 Adverbs That Get an A 25 Adverbs That Get an â€Å"A† 25 Adverbs That Get an â€Å"A† By Mark Nichol You already know many adverbs that start with a-, a prefix that can mean, among other things, â€Å"on† (aboard) â€Å"in a state† (asleep), or â€Å"in a manner† (aloud). Here’s a roster of some of the lesser-known words in this class, many of which inspire vivid imagery, evoke an archaic or rustic tone, or conjure an amusing tableau, perhaps all at once: 1. Aback (â€Å"surprised†; usually employed in the phrase â€Å"taken aback† in a passively constructed sentence): â€Å"She was taken aback by his vehemence.† 2. Abaft (â€Å"at or toward the stern†): â€Å"They found the drunken sailor abaft, sleeping in a lifeboat.† 3. Abed (â€Å"in bed†): â€Å"He found his friend abed, felled by a high fever.† 4. Ablaze (â€Å"on fire†): â€Å"As they had feared, the shed was ablaze, the flames lighting the night sky.† 5. Afar (â€Å"at a distance†): â€Å"From afar, they descried the outline of a magnificent castle.† 6. Afield (â€Å"on the field,† â€Å"away from home,† or â€Å"lost†): â€Å"The absentminded fellow, engrossed in a scholarly volume, soon found himself far afield.† 7. Afire (see ablaze) 8. Aflutter (â€Å"agitated,† or â€Å"flapping†): â€Å"The ladies were all aflutter at hearing the stranger’s vivid imprecations.† 9. Afoot (â€Å"on foot,† or â€Å"under way†): â€Å"The conspirators, he noticed as he watched them sneak away from the house, were already afoot.† 10. Afresh (â€Å"again†): â€Å"Invigorated by the contents of the flask, we strode off afresh.† 11. Agape (â€Å"gaping,† or â€Å"exhibiting wonder†): â€Å"We stood staring at the spectacle, mouths agape.† 12. Aghast (â€Å"shocked†): â€Å"She stood aghast, rendered speechless by the destruction we had wrought.† 13. Agog (â€Å"eager†): â€Å"We kids were of course agog with excitement, for it was Christmas morning.† 14. Apace (â€Å"quickly,† or â€Å"keeping up with†): â€Å"The children kept apace with the marching band.† 15. Aright (â€Å"correctly,† or â€Å"in proper orientation†): â€Å"We set the fallen statue aright.† 16. Askance (â€Å"sideways,† and, by association, â€Å"with suspicion†): â€Å"Doubtful of the newcomer’s motives, she looked askance at him.† 17. Askew (â€Å"out of line,† or â€Å"disheveled†; the root word is skew, â€Å"oblique, slanted†): â€Å"His coat hung askew on his shoulders.† 18. Aslant (â€Å"at a slant,† â€Å"oblique†): â€Å"The sun’s rays struck the wall aslant.† 19. Aslope (â€Å"sloping,† or â€Å"slanting†): â€Å"The poorly erected tent tottered aslope under the tree.† 20. Astir (â€Å"active,† or â€Å"out of bed†): â€Å"She found the children, excited about the day’s celebration, already astir in their room.† 21. Astride (â€Å"with legs apart or on each side†): â€Å"He stood with his legs astride the struggling figure.† 22. Asunder (â€Å"apart,† or â€Å"in parts†): â€Å"The parchment had been rent asunder, and they painstakingly pieced it back together.† 23. Athwart (â€Å"obliquely across,† or â€Å"erroneously† or â€Å"unexpectedly†): â€Å"The rifle lay athwart the seat of the rowboat.† 24. Atilt (â€Å"tilted,† or, from tilt as a synonym for joust, â€Å"armed with a lance†): â€Å"The clumsily mounted knight charged, atilt in more than one sense.† 25. Awry (â€Å"turned† or â€Å"twisted,† or â€Å"other than correct or expected†): â€Å"To their dismay, they found that their plot had gone awry.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives"Latter," not "Ladder"10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Chinese Empress Si Ling-Chi Discovered How to Make Silk

Chinese Empress Si Ling-Chi Discovered How to Make Silk About 2700-2640 B.C.E., the Chinese began making silk. According to Chinese tradition, the part-legendary emperor, Huang Di (alternately Wu-di or Huang Ti) invented the methods of raising silkworms and spinning silk thread. Huang Di, the Yellow Emperor, is also credited as the founder of the Chinese nation, creator of humanity, founder of religious Taoism, creator of writing, and inventor of the compass and the pottery wheel all foundations of culture in ancient China. The same tradition credits not Huang Di, but his wife Si Ling-Chi (also known as Xilingshi or Lei-tzu), with discovering silk-making itself, and also the weaving of silk thread into fabric. One legend claims that Xilingshi was in her garden when she picked some cocoons from a mulberry tree and accidentally dropped one into her hot tea. When she pulled it out, she found it unwound into one long filament. Then her husband built on this discovery, and developed methods for domesticating the silkworm and producing silk thread from the filaments processes that the Chinese were able to keep secret from the rest of the world for more than 2,000 years, creating a monopoly on silk fabric production. This monopoly led to a lucrative trade in silk fabric. The Silk Road is so named because it was the trading route from China to Rome, where silk cloth was one of the key trade items. Breaking the Silk Monopoly But another woman helped to break the silk monopoly. About 400 C.E., another Chinese princess, on her way to be married to a prince in India, is said to have smuggled some mulberry seeds and silkworm eggs in her headdress, allowing silk production in her new homeland. She wanted, the legend says, to have silk fabric easily available in her new land. It was then only a few more centuries until the secrets had been revealed to Byzantium, and in another century, silk production began in France, Spain, and Italy. In another legend, told by Procopius, monks smuggled Chinese silkworms to the Roman Empire. This broke the Chinese monopoly on silk production. Lady of the Silkworm For her discovery of the silk-making process, the earlier empress is known as  Xilingshi or  Si Ling-chi, or Lady of the Silkworm, and is often identified as a goddess of silk-making. The Facts The silkworm is a native to northern China.  It is the larva, or caterpillar, stage of a fuzzy moth (Bombyx). These caterpillars feed on mulberry leaves.  In spinning a cocoon to encase itself for its transformation, the silkworm exudes a thread from its mouth and winds this around its body.  Some of these cocoons are preserved by the silk growers to produce new eggs and new larva and thus more cocoons.  Most are boiled.  The process of boiling loosens the thread and kills the silkworm/moth.  The silk farmer unwinds the thread, often in a single very long piece of about 300 to about 800 meters or yards, and winds it onto a spool.  Then the silk thread is woven into a fabric, a warm and soft cloth.  The cloth takes dyes of many colors including bright hues.  The cloth is often woven with two or more threads twisted together for elasticity and strength. Archaeologists suggest that the Chinese were making silk cloth in the Longshan period, 3500 -  2000 BCE.

Grusendorf v Oklahoma City, 816 F. 2d 539 (U.S. Court of Appeals for Essay

Grusendorf v Oklahoma City, 816 F. 2d 539 (U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit 1987) - Essay Example The Supreme Court observed that only personal rights that can be deemed important in the concept of ordered liberty are included in this guarantee of personal liberty( Ducat, 2009).The Court outlined the current reach of these freedoms as embracing personal decisions relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing and education. The defendant argues out that the law used to judge him was not applicable and did not match with his case (The federal reporter, 1987). To resolve the issue of whether or not Grusendorf’s rights of liberty or privacy were violated by the non-smoking regulation, it is instructive to study the Supreme Courts approach in Kelley v. Johnson. The case is similar as this one though the plaintiff there was a police officer rather than a firefighter and claimed a fourteenth amendment right to grow a beard rather than a right to smoke a cigarette (Bureau of National Affairs , 1995). A review of the record suggests that the district court found the defendants disputes influential. The defendants moved for an award of attorneys fees and submitted briefs in support of it, together with affidavits from their attorneys detailing their fees. Bowers v. Hardwick said that the federal courts should not take an expansive view of their authority to discover new fundamental

Religion freedom Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Religion freedom - Term Paper Example Different nations of the world starting with the Western democracies have further enacted powerful laws protecting the general public against any form of religion discrimination (Johnson, 2012). The Western democracies have a great influence on political, social and even economic well being of most other nations of the world. Expansion of religious freedom in US and other European nations has led to expansion of the same in other states of the world. This has a vital implication on the development of universal rights and development of a global code of ethics. The history of religion can be traced way back to the Neolithic period. This is approximately 11,000 years ago. Some scholars of the world believe that religion evolved from a certain region- Near East and later spread to the rest of the world something that has brought about strong debates and arguments in the field of religion. Some scholars tend to believe that the religion did not evolve from a single region but rather evolved independently in different regions of the world (Barbara, 2007). According to this theory, the invention of religion was brought about by the consequences of the Neolithic revolution that had resulted into increase of the population of the world as well as the growth, development and advancement of the world’s technology (Barbara, 2007). During this era, the different communities of the world faced a transition from the foraging bands to empires and then into the states existing today. As the different communities transformed from foraging bands and tribe that comprised of fewer individuals into empires, more developed and specialized forms of regions emerged. These are the same religions reflected in today’s social and political environment. However, different religions have different beliefs, norms and codes of ethics which are partially applicable to the entire world (Barbara, 2007). According to Mark (2009), religion is a very organized system of

Examining Media Discourse And The Amounts Of Crime Criminology Essay

Examining Media Discourse And The Amounts Of Crime Criminology Essay Media discourse is sutured with crime. Crime consumes an enormous amount of media space as both entertainment and news. Much of our information about the nature and extend of crime comes to us via the secondary source of media. We should expect then, that as distributors of social knowledge, they play a significant role in our perception and understanding of the boundaries between order and disorder. (Surette, 1998: 11) Because of the importance of media in everyday life, the study of crime and the media becomes a vital concern of sociology and media studies. Since media has the ability to interpret and give meaning to events through dramatization, this places it at the pinnacle of all social institutions in its ability to shape perception and reactions of its readership. It has been criticized over years by enormous sociologist that media is responsible for fomenting moral sensibilities and anxieties about crime and disorder. (Cohen, 1963; Young, 1971; Hall, 1978; Reiner, 1997; Munice:2001) The media manufactured of news (Cohen and Young, 1973/1981), created moral panics (Cohen, 1973) and fear of crime (Gerbner et al: 1980; Carlson: 1985) about folk devils, stigmatized outsiders, and amplified their deviance (Young, 1971) thus legitimating the drift to a law and order society (Hall et al, 1978) and a more authoritarian style of policing the crisis. (ibid.) In this assignment, I will discuss how and why these consequences of representation of crime are develop, and how they will affect the society. Fear of crime: In recent years policy debates have focused increasingly on fear of crime as an issue as serious s crime itself. As Home Office working party noted that fear of crime as an issue of social concern; it has to be taken as seriously as crime prevention and reduction. (Home Office, 1989: ii) When the media representation of crime is compared to real world crime as measured by official crime statistics, it appears that the media images exaggerate the probability of danger. This is said to cultivate a misleading view of the world based on unnecessary anxiety about levels of risk form violent crime. According to the BCS 1983, people are concerned most about those crimes which they are least likely to experience. (Hough and Mayhew 1983:23) The BCS data show a discrepancy between peoples fear of being a victim and their chances of being that victim. (Reiner 1997: 210; Munice, 2001: 59; Hewitt, 1995: 19) This has engendered a debate about why there should be such a disparity between the perception of risk and the actual risk. Most commonly, the media are accused of exaggerating the risk of crime, representing an image of the world which is scary and mean, (Carlson 1985) (Sparks 1992: Chapter 1) which lead to publics fear of crime in an unreasonable fashion. (Reiner 1997: 199) Most analyses of newspaper crime reporting have been concerned with the potentially distorted impression is created by the high proportion of reports of violent crimes. Ditton and Duffy (1983) analyzed the crime content of three Scottish newspapers concludes that the proportion of violent and sexual crimes are far more than those reported in the official statistics. (Ditton and Duffy, 1983) Many British studies also showed the same pattern of over representation of violent and interpersonal crimes. The risks of crime as portrayed by the media are both quantitatively and qualitatively more serious than the official statistically recorded picture.  [1]   Although media representation of crime is biased and they present crime in an exaggerated way, we cannot simply conclude that fear of crime is associated with media presentation of crime. The reason why people can be easily influenced by media is because they are lack of knowledge about crime. It is rare for people to experience or witness crime. Therefore, they need to rely on media as source of information to understand crime and use it as a guideline in assessing probability of being a victim. Furthermore, people are tended to use a simplistic way and the most available information to make assessment without reviewing other alternative source before they make judgment, this can lead to people use newspaper and television as source of information to understand crime and construct perceptions of crime. (Williams and Dickinson, 1993: 36) Base on these assumptions, it is sensible to say that medias representation of crime do have influence peoples perception about crime. The media biases associated with public misperceptions argument is confirmed by the study of relationship between newspaper crime reporting and fear of crime by Williams and Dickinson and 1996 BCS. According to Williams and Dickinson, there was a significant relationship between reading newspapers with more emphasis on violence crime and measure of fearfulness expressed in a survey. This association survived control by a number of demographical variables. (William and Dickinson, 1993) Thus, the research concludes that readers of those newspapers that report crime in the most dramatic and salient fashion have the highest levels of fear of crime. (William and Dickinson, 1993) Moreover, in the 1996 British Crime Survey, Hough and Roberts also concluded that there are some strong associations have been found between media biases representation and public misperceptions. (Hough and Roberts, 1996) These study both evident the media have direct influence on constructing fear of crime. The news media may constitute biased perception of crime, however, some scholars have a controversial view on the association between media representations and its effects. Increasingly, it is acknowledged that media representations are unlikely to be received passively, but rather interpreted by an active audiences but as one element in their lived experience. (Ericson, 1991; Livingstone, 1996, Reiner, 1997) Many studies show that the media is not the crucial agent in accounting for fear of crime, increasingly, it is more widely accepted that demographic factors such as age, sex, class, background, level of education, area of residence are significant determinants of anxiety about crime and violence. (Gunter, 1987; Sparks, 1992; Ericson, 1991: 287; Schlesinger and Tumber, 1994: 188) Crawford and his fellows (1990) also support such argument that fear does indeed accord to peoples real life circumstances. It may be generated by any number of personal, cultural or environmental factor s. Box et al also concur with Crawfords opinion, he further suggested that fear of crime depends on an interactive complex of vulnerability, environmental conditions, personal knowledge of crime, confidence (or lack of ) confidence in the police. (Munice, 2001: 59) Since there are many factors can affect the perception of crime, we should bear in mind that fear of crime is extraneous, generated by social and personal factors other than risk of crime per se. Moreover, we should remain alive to ability of the public to differentiate and interpret the information they receive. Though there is evidence concerning media partiality and distortion, it cannot by any mean be assumed that media representation are always received uncritically. (Munice, 2001: 62) The issue of media effect on perceptions of crime remains controversial. It is because of the difficulties in rigorously establishing straightforward casual relationships between images and effects. (Reiner, 1997: 191) Since the association between tow factors are remain unknown, it is plausible to conclude that media may have influence on perception of crime. What is more important about the issue of fear of crime is not whether it has any rational basis or it is solely cultivated by media, but rather how far its emotiveness as a topic can be used for ulterior and political motives. (Munice, 2001: 62) Moral Panic: During the 60s to 70s, the British public was riveted by magnified coverage of highly unusual crime stories of violence crime committed by youth that turned into what some news outlets described as an all too familiar story. Rather than providing context, the medias labeling of these youth violence as symptom of social decline has tended to exacerbate peoples moral sensibilities about youth violence. The result is that misdirected public policy is being generated to increase social control, even though the real threat is minimal. Study of Mod and Rockers by Cohen: The first systematic empirical study of a moral panic in the UK was Stanley Cohens research on the social reaction to the Mod and Rockers disturbance of 1964. (Cohen 1973b) (Munice, 2001: 50) A group of youths broke out sabotage in the seaside resort of Clacton over the Easter bank holiday in 1964. The events were to receive front page outrage in the national press. The media spoke out of a day of terror of youngsters who beat up entire town. Youth were described as organized gangs who deliberately caused trouble by acting aggressively towards local residents and destroyed a great deal of public property. In Cohens research, however, found no evidence of any structured gangs within that area, thus, the total amount of serious violence and vandalism was not as great as media described. (Cohen, 1973) According to the Cohens analyses, it is obvious that media have exaggerated the seriousness of the Clacton event, in terms of criteria such as the number taking part, the number involved in violence and the amount and effects of any damage or violence. Such distortion took place primarily in terms of the mode and style of presentation characteristics of most crime reporting: the sensational headlines, the melodramatic vocabulary and the deliberate heightening of those elements in the story considered as news. (Cohen, 1973) The frequent use of misleading headlines and vocabulary like riot, beat up the town, attack, screaming mob which were discrepant with the actual story and left an image of a besieged town from which innocent holidaymakers were fleeing to escape a marauding mob. Medias distorted reporting not only exaggerated the seriousness of the initial events in 1964 but also amplified the youth deviance. The incessant news coverage of Mod and Rockers initiated a wider public concern, youth are labeled as a symptom of social decline. They are portrayed as being outside the central core values of our consensual society and as posing a particular threat to society. (Cohen, 1981: 273) Once youths have been identified with negative labeling, they will believe themselves to be more deviant and segregating out from the community, which will create a greater risk of long term social disorder. Thus, overreaction of the police and general public will contribute to further polarization between youth and the society. As a result, more crime would be committed by stigmatize group and lead to less tolerance of deviants by conforming groups.(McRobbie and Thornton,1995: 561) (Munice, 2001: 52) As Cohen shows in Mod and Rocker study, The continuing disturbance attracted more news coverage would increase police activity and further public concern. Media exaggerate the problem can give rise to local events seem ones of pressing national concern, and an index of decline of morality standards, which obliged the police to step up their surveillance. Consequently, the stepping up of controls lead to further marginalization and stigmatization of deviants which, in turn, lead to more calls for police action and into a deviancy amplification spiral. (McLaughlin, 2001: 176) Study of Mugging by Hall et al Hall et al (1978) reused the concept the moral panic in identifying a series of major social problems to do with permissiveness, vandals, student radicals and so on, culminating with the moral panic of mugging. Hall and others revealed that the media make use of moral panics to both define and distort social problems was fleshed out into a general critique of the medias construction of social reality. (Munice, 2001: 52) In Halls study of mugging in Policing the crisis, the media regarded mugging not as a particular type of robbery but rather a general social crisis and rising crime. (Hall et al., 1978: 66) The media presented mugging as a new and rapidly growing phenomenon. In fact, the crime was not new, only the label was, and official statistics did not support the view that it was growing rapidly, however, with a name for the crime now in existence old offenses were categorized as such, creating the impression of growth. The medias generated new category of crime created the impression of a crime wave, it further whipped up a moral panic around the issue which served to legitimate an increase in punitive measures; they conclude that the media played a key role in developing and maintaining the pressure for law and order measures-for example, police mugging squads and heavy sentences. (Munice, 2001:52-53) (Hewitt, 1995: 17) In this regard, moral panic can strengthen the powers of state control an d enabling law and order to be promoted without cognizance of the social divisions and conflicts which produce deviance and political dissent. (Munice, 2001: 55) It is not just a new category of crime has been defined by media, the media misrepresentation of crime also stigmatize the black youth as the cause of mugging without further explaining the structural reason of the crime, like poverty, social deprivation and class and racial inequality. (Munice, 2001:53) This ready application of stereotypes in mugging crime reporting portray crime in a way to be depicted in terms of a basic confrontation between the symbolic forces of good and evil. The process of deprivation and modes of social organization are rarely provided. (Chibnall, 1977: 79) As Hall concluded, crime reports tend to undo the complexities of crime by constructing a number of easy categories into which each type of crime can be placed. (Hall et al, 1978:13-15) (Munice, 2001: 47) After the analyses of issue of moral panic or fear of crime, there is one common element between two consequences of media representation of crime-both are generated by the media biased representation of crime. In order to investigate cases of apparent moral panic and fear of crime, it is necessary to understand how news is developed and the structural relationship between media and source of crime stories. The element of newsworthiness: The media appear to be involve in a continual search for the new unusual and dramatic. This is what makes the news. Under the market model (Cohen and Young, 1981), because of the business concern, news content needs to be generated and filtered primarily through reporter sense of newsworthiness to produce what makes a good story that their audience wants to know about in order to engage audiences and increase readership. The core elements of these are immediacy, dramatization, personalization, titillation and novertly. (Chibnall, 1977:22-45; Hall et al., 1978; Ericson et al., 1991) Thus, there are five sets of informal rules  [2]  of relevancy which govern the professional imperatives of popular journalism: these are visible and spectacular acts, sexual or political connotations, graphic presentation, individual pathology and deterrence and repression. (Chibnall, 1977: 77-79) These rules help us to understand how news values are structured and explain why there is a predominant e mphasis on violent offences. Organizational pressures: Besides the element of newsworthiness, there are a variety of concrete organizational pressures, for example, the periodicity, or timing, of the events and how they match the scheduling needs of the agency, cost effectiveness and efficiency, all these factors not only determine what is reported, they also lead to an unintended consequences- that is bolstering the law and order. (Reiner, 1997: 142) For example, numerous police personnel are available and willing to provide comments about an incident, which resulting in frequent citation of police sources in all types of crime stories. (Chermak, 1995: 38) Thus, court cases are frequently used by media, because lots of newsworthy cases are expected to recur regularly, therefore, court cases are an economic use of reporting resources. (Reiner, 1997: 221) Because police and courts resources are easily accessible and constantly available, media become more habitually rely on them as the main source of news information, and over time, the s tructural dependence of media on between criminal justice bureaucracies will be established, which permits the institutional definers to establish the primary interpretation of the topic in question. (Hall et al, 1978: 58; Chibnall 1977: chaps. 3, 6; Schlesinger and Tumber 1993) The notion of impartiality and the use of accredited source: The notion of impartiality and the news source used by journalists are the crucial reason to explain media biased representation of crime and the tendency towards institutional definers ideology. (Hall, 1981: 341-343) The media reporting is underwritten by the notions of impartiality, balance and objectivity. (Hall et al., 1981: 341) The practical pressures of constantly working against the clock and the professional demands of impartiality and credibility resulted in constant use of accredited representative of major criminal justice institutions- the police, the courts and the Home Office as the main source of news. These institutional representative agents are accredited because they are in a position to provide initial definitions or primary interpretation of crime and locate them within the context of a continuing crime problem. Because they control over material and mental resources, which news media have little direct access to, and their domination of the major institutions o f society, this classs definitions of the social world provide the basic rationale for those institutions which protect and reproduce their way of life. This control of mental resources ensures that theirs are the most powerful and universal of the available definitions of the social world. (Hall, 1981: 343) As a result, these rules which are originally aim to preserve the impartiality of media turn media as an apparatus to reproduce the definitions and ideology of primary definers. The study of Crimewatch UK-case illustration of relationship between Media and source of crime news The study of Crimewatch UK by Schlesinger and Tumber (1993) is a modern example to illustrate the above argument. The production team of Crimewatch UK has heavily used the information provided by the criminal justice institutions as the main source of crime stories. It is partly because of the notion of cost effectiveness, more importantly, it is because they want to make the program as documentary reconstruction rather than merely a crime drama without a realistic and documentary basis. (Schlesinger and Tumber, 1993: 24) However, the police as the source of crime stories broadly define the terms of reference within which Crimewatch UK may operate. It can be shown by the two basic ground rules of productions requested by the police in exchange for information: first, anything filmed would be embargoed and could not be used again unless the force involved gave its permission, and second, the police must reveal all the known facts and their suspicions to the Crimewatch team. (Schlesing er and Tumber, 1993: 23) Although the production team exercise editorial judgment over how the cases that they reconstruct are to be presented in television terms in order to maintain their impartiality, it is inevitable that their decisions are still within the criminal justice bureaucracies defined framework. (Schlesinger and Tumber, 1993: 30) From the above analyses, we can see how the notion of impartiality lead to the use of accredited source, and how the source provider- the criminal justice institutions turn a documentary program into the polices public relations program to reproduce the definitions of primary definers. Furthermore, this study also demonstrated the asymmetrical relationship between the news and source of information. Journalists are always in an inferior negotiating position in the negotiation process regarding to the definition and presentation of crime. News media are constrained to sacrifice their relationship with the police personnel because they fear losing information access. Reporters rarely challenge the police perspective because of the information police can provide. As what Chibnall described, The reporter who cannot get information is out of a job, whereas the policeman who retains it is not. (Chibnall, 1977: 155) This asymmetrical relationship between media and the source is evidently demonstrated in the case of Crimewatch study. Since the production team is heavily dependent upon the police to provide information of crime cases, they realize that if the police do not provide such information, the program can never be successfully produced. Therefore, editorial judgmen t is limited and the presentation of crime stories are constrained within the polices basic grounded rules and their defined framework. Representation of crime and definition of criminal justice bureaucracies Most commonly, the media are accused of exaggerating the risk of crime, representing an image of the world which is scary and mean, creating crime waves in order to cultivate moral sensibilities and fear among the society. However, such argument ignores the significant influence of the source of crime and overestimates the representation power of the media. It is important to understand that the power to construct social reality rests not merely with media, but also with those who can control the medias raw materials for news-the criminal justice institutions. (Fishman, 1981: 136) Crime news is mutually determined by journalists, whose image of crime is shaped by police concerns and by police, whose concerns with crime are influenced by media practices. However, if criminal justice bureaucracies are not cooperative in providing relevant information as requested by media, media would not have sufficient resource to form crime waves and representation of crime will be changed. In this regard, criminal justice institutions are the crucial determinant to define what is produced and presented. Journalists convey an image of crime wholly accord with the police departments notion of serious crime and social order as orchestrating with criminal justice institutions. Therefore, as long as the routine source for crime news is criminal justice institutions, the presses are inevitable to reinforce the crime definition from criminal justice institutions. Representation of crime and social control According to hegemony theorists, media are regarded as a secondary definer to orchestrate with dominants consent by actively intervening in the space of public opinion and social consciousness through the use of highly emotive and rhetorical language. This exaggerated way of presentation has a effect of requiring that something has to be done about it. Thus, the impartiality notions of media can be served to objectify a public issue. That is, the publicizing of an issue in the media can serve as an independent opinion to a real issue of public concern rather than merely official information or a direct projection of the governments ideology. In this regard, media can be leveraged as a public agenda setting function to translate primary definers definition of crime into a public issue. (Hall et al., 1981: 346) Once the prolonged public agenda concern in particular crime is formed, moral sensibilities and anxiety are cultivated among society, the press can help to legitimate and reinfo rce the actions of the primary definer by bringing their own independent arguments to bear on the public in support of the actions proposed; or it can bring pressure to bear on the primary definers by summoning up public opinion in support of its own views that stronger measures are needed. (Hall et al., 1981: 348) In late 1976, a great deal of publicity and anxiety was generated over an apparent crime wave against the elderly in New York, which led to the setup of a police sponsored community deference program. However, the official statistics did not support the view that violent crime against elderly was rapidly growing at the same time as the media were reporting a crime surge. The US sociologist Mark Fishman used this example to demonstrate the above argument. According to Fishman, the police do play a crucial role in reinforcing journalistically to produce concern about crime waves by selecting further incidents for reporters based on what has been covered before. Furthermore, the police are in a position to intimate perceptions of a crime wave themselves by the way in which they select crime incidents for their press release. (Fishman, 1981) In this regard, media play an orchestrating role to present what is defined by the police in order to create crime wave, the widespread of news cove rage cultivated anxiety among society, as a result, like what we have concluded above, media in respond to public opinion to pressure the police in order to increase social control by forming the deference program. In this case, the initiation of social control can be legitimated as the reaction of the criminal justice institutions to the public opinion Newspaper reports are disproportionately concentrated on violent crimes, even it seems they are not deliberately focus on this particular category of crime due to medias organizational pressures and code of practice, however, as what I have discussed above, without the source of news provided by criminal justice institutions, crime stories can never be formed. Therefore, the criminal justice institutions are also responsible to affect the media representation of crime by manipulating the source of information. Criminal justice institutions and media can generate fear by providing same kind of crimes persistently in epidemic proportions. For instance, media will suddenly focus on crimes that they had previously ignored and report them to the public. (E.g. mugging and violent crimes against elderly) (Fishman, 1976). In this regard, criminal justice institutions and media are both responsible for exaggerating the magnitude of the problem to sustain public attention for prolonged periods , as a result, fear and moral sensibilities can be instilled. What is important to recognition that moral panic and fear of crime are the first link in a spiral of events leading to the maintenance of law in society by legitimize rule through coercion and the general exercise of authority. The sudden defining and focusing of the historically recurring event of street crime have created the impression of a crime wave, this provides government with the justification to introduce repressive legislation in order to increase its control among the society. (Munice, 2001: 53) Since fearful people are more dependent, more easily manipulated and controlled, more susceptible to deceptively simple, strong, tough measures and hard line postures. They may accept and even welcome repression if it promises to relieve their insecurities and other anxieties. (Signorielli 1990:102) (Reiner, 1997: 217) Consequently, the report of crime waves will produce public pressure to call for tough authoritative institutional control, public support can be mustered to institute formal sanctions. The study of Mod and Rocker by Stanley Cohen and the study of muggers by Stuart Hall and his fellows both demonstrate medias exaggeration of crime risks is claimed to increase political support for authoritarian solutions to a crisis of law and order which is largely the creation of media misrepresentation of crime. Media act in a role to stigmatize young Afro-Caribbean as folk devils and generate moral panic in order to created social conditions of consent for the construction of a society more focused towards law and order. The government uncontrollable and structural causes of social unrest can be overlooked, when the public gaze is fixed by stigmatizing young Afro-Caribbean as visual symbols of what was wrong in society, with the increase of social control measures initiated by the government. As a result, the threats of society seems to be eliminated by social and legislative action; the tough punitive measures can be legitimized to control the unstable social environment, the l egitimacy of the government can be reassured by providing public a image of strong government and strong leadership. (Cohen, 1973; Munice, 2001: 52; McRobbie and Thornton, 1995: 562, Hewitt, 1995: 12-16) The media not only exaggerate crimes, on the other hand, they portray the criminal justice bureaucracies, especially the police in a positive light. Routine news reporting about police and crime has a public relations function for police, promoting organizational and occupational ideologies. (Ericson, 1991: 224) The news media dramatize the polices routine works and give the police a ceremonial force. This has promotional value for the police, because it often shows them to be quite effective in fighting crime. (Marsh 1988) (Ericson, 1991:224) Several researchers have examined the relationship between news and police personnel (Chibnall, 1977; Ericson, Baranek and Chan, 1989; Fishman, 1980; Hall et al., 1978) . Most ethnographic research concludes that the police determine what is presented in the news, and describe news media as conduits for police ideology (Chibnall, 1977; Fishman, 1980; Hall et al., 1978) Police frame crime stories in a self promoting way to exaggerate their effectiveness by compiling statistics on performance measures such as the number of offences as well as arrest data. Furthermore, the police can decide when story information should be released, limiting access to reports and diverting attentions from specific events, in order to manipulate medias representation of crime and criminal justice. The US sociologist Chermaks media contend analysis study (Chermak, 1995) and Roshiers study in the UK  [3]  both evident that (Schlesinger and Tumber, reading list: 186) criminal justice bureaucracies, espe cially the police can manipulate the medias representation of crime and criminal justice system by manipulating information in order to provide a favorable image of police and strengthen the states legitimacy. Furthermore, it has been also suggested by Carlson (1985) that such biased representation of criminal justice bureaucracies can lead to support of more social control. He claims to show that heavier television viewers are comparatively ill-informed about legal process; they have a propensity to believe that the police are effective in combating crime and support. As a result, heavy viewers are tended to support more social control. (Sparks 1992, , Ericson, 1991: 283) Criticism of hegemony and Halls theory: The theory of hegemony has been criticized by many scholars that it has paid inadequate attention to the communication process. They argued that the hegemony theory supporters have been characterized by a tendency to treat media as homogeneous, this largely ignores the distinctiveness of particular media and the ways in which such media are internally differentiated. (Schlesinger et al., 1990: 96-97; Ericson et al, 1991) It has been suggested by Ericson et al that there are systematic variations between the presentations of crime in different media and markets.(Ericson et al, 1991) This is partly because of they have different variants to political and professional journalistic ideology according to patterns of ownership and perceived audience. There are interconnected with differences in technological resources, budge